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ston1th 2022-03-13 18:49:27 +01:00
commit 3053f89410
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1
.gitignore vendored Normal file
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/cachefs

56
Makefile Normal file
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CC=go
BUILD=build -v -trimpath
VERSION=$(shell cat VERSION)
GCFLAGS=-gcflags '-e'
LDFLAGS=-ldflags '-buildid=$(VERSION) -X main.version=$(VERSION) -s -w'
PROGRAM=cachefs
CMD=-o $(PROGRAM) cmd/$(PROGRAM)/main.go
ENV=CGO_ENABLED=0 GO111MODULE=on
all: $(PROGRAM)
setup:
$(CC) install github.com/client9/misspell/cmd/misspell@latest
$(CC) install honnef.co/go/tools/cmd/staticcheck@latest
release: clean gofmt codeqa
$(ENV) $(CC) $(BUILD) $(GCFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) $(CMD)
release-vendor: clean gofmt codeqa
$(ENV) $(CC) $(BUILD) -mod=vendor $(GCFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) $(CMD)
vendor: clean gofmt
$(ENV) $(CC) $(BUILD) -mod=vendor $(GCFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) $(CMD)
$(PROGRAM): clean gofmt
$(ENV) $(CC) $(BUILD) $(GCFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) $(CMD)
clean:
$(CC) clean -x
gofmt:
$(CC) fmt ./...
codeqa: govet misspell staticcheck test
govet:
$(CC) vet ./...
misspell:
$(GOPATH)/bin/misspell cmd/* pkg/* Makefile README.md sri.sh
staticcheck:
$(GOPATH)/bin/staticcheck ./...
test:
ifeq ($(shell go env GOARCH), $(shell go env GOHOSTARCH))
ifeq ($(shell go env GOOS), $(shell go env GOHOSTOS))
$(CC) test ./...
else
$(info skipping tests of other platforms)
endif
else
$(info skipping tests of other platforms)
endif
.PHONY: setup release release-vendor vendor build clean codeqa gofmt govet misspell staticcheck test

2
TODO.txt Normal file
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* add disk quota
* add LRU cache

1
VERSION Normal file
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1.0

64
cmd/cachefs/main.go Normal file
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// Copyright (C) 2022 Marius Schellenberger
package main
import (
"context"
"flag"
"net/http"
"os"
"os/signal"
"syscall"
"time"
"cachefs/pkg/fs"
"cachefs/pkg/srv"
"github.com/go-logr/logr"
"k8s.io/klog/v2"
"k8s.io/klog/v2/klogr"
)
var (
version string
src string
dst string
metadata string
listen string
log logr.Logger
)
func main() {
klog.InitFlags(nil)
flag.StringVar(&src, "src", "", "root directory (NFS share)")
flag.StringVar(&dst, "dst", "", "local directory to cache files")
flag.StringVar(&metadata, "data", "", "path to metadata file")
flag.StringVar(&listen, "listen", "127.0.0.1:8080", "listen addr:port")
flag.Parse()
log = klogr.New().WithName("main")
log.Info("starting cachefs", "version", version)
fs, err := fs.NewFS(src, dst, metadata, klogr.New().WithName("fs"))
if err != nil {
klog.Fatalf("init failed: %s", err)
}
s := &http.Server{Addr: listen, Handler: srv.NewFileServer(fs, klogr.New().WithName("server"))}
go func() {
err := s.ListenAndServe()
if err != nil && err != http.ErrServerClosed {
klog.Fatalf("init failed: %s", err)
}
}()
sigs := make(chan os.Signal, 1)
signal.Notify(sigs, syscall.SIGINT, syscall.SIGTERM)
<-sigs
log.Info("cachefs shutdown initiated")
ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), time.Second*10)
s.Shutdown(ctx)
fs.Close()
cancel()
log.Info("cachefs shutdown completed")
}

8
go.mod Normal file
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module cachefs
go 1.17
require (
github.com/go-logr/logr v1.2.2
k8s.io/klog/v2 v2.40.1
)

5
go.sum Normal file
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github.com/go-logr/logr v1.2.0/go.mod h1:jdQByPbusPIv2/zmleS9BjJVeZ6kBagPoEUsqbVz/1A=
github.com/go-logr/logr v1.2.2 h1:ahHml/yUpnlb96Rp8HCvtYVPY8ZYpxq3g7UYchIYwbs=
github.com/go-logr/logr v1.2.2/go.mod h1:jdQByPbusPIv2/zmleS9BjJVeZ6kBagPoEUsqbVz/1A=
k8s.io/klog/v2 v2.40.1 h1:P4RRucWk/lFOlDdkAr3mc7iWFkgKrZY9qZMAgek06S4=
k8s.io/klog/v2 v2.40.1/go.mod h1:y1WjHnz7Dj687irZUWR/WLkLc5N1YHtjLdmgWjndZn0=

52
pkg/fs/chunk.go Normal file
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// Copyright (C) 2022 Marius Schellenberger
package fs
import "sort"
type Chunk [2]int64
type Chunks []Chunk
func (cs Chunks) Len() int { return len(cs) }
func (cs Chunks) Less(i, j int) bool { return cs[i][0] < cs[j][0] }
func (cs Chunks) Swap(i, j int) { cs[i], cs[j] = cs[j], cs[i] }
func (cs Chunks) Exists(off int64, n int, size int64) bool {
end := off + int64(n)
if end > size {
end = size
}
for _, c := range cs {
if c[0] <= off && c[1] > off && c[1] >= end {
return true
}
}
return false
}
func (cs *Chunks) Add(off int64, n int) {
*cs = append(*cs, Chunk{off, off + int64(n)})
cs.merge()
}
func (cs *Chunks) merge() {
c := *cs
if len(c) < 2 {
return
}
sort.Sort(*cs)
for i := 0; i < len(c); i++ {
if i+1 == len(c) {
break
}
if c[i][1] >= c[i+1][0] {
if c[i+1][1] > c[i][1] {
c[i][1] = c[i+1][1]
}
c = append(c[:i+1], c[i+2:]...)
i--
}
}
*cs = c
}

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pkg/fs/file.go Normal file
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// Copyright (C) 2022 Marius Schellenberger
package fs
import (
"io"
"os"
"github.com/go-logr/logr"
)
type File struct {
log logr.Logger
f *os.File
md *Metadata
offset int64
}
type preload struct {
f *File
skipped int64
written int64
}
func (p *preload) Read(data []byte) (n int, err error) {
if p.f.offset >= p.f.size() {
return 0, io.EOF
}
n = len(data)
if p.f.hasChunk(n) {
p.skipped++
_, err = p.f.Seek(int64(n), io.SeekCurrent)
return
}
n, err = p.f.readWithoutCache(data)
p.written++
return
}
func (f *File) Preload(unlock func()) {
f.log.V(2).Info("preload started")
p := &preload{f: f}
_, err := io.Copy(io.Discard, p)
if err != nil && err != io.EOF {
f.log.Error(err, "error preloading file")
}
f.log.V(2).Info("preload finished", "skipped", p.skipped, "written", p.written)
unlock()
}
func (f *File) Read(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
if f.hasChunk(len(p)) {
n, err = f.md.ReadAt(p, f.offset)
if err != nil {
return
}
_, err = f.Seek(int64(n), io.SeekCurrent)
return
}
return f.readWithoutCache(p)
}
func (f *File) size() int64 {
return f.md.Size
}
func (f *File) hasChunk(n int) bool {
return f.md.HasChunk(f.offset, n)
}
func (f *File) readWithoutCache(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
n, err = f.f.Read(p)
if err != nil {
return
}
f.md.WriteAt(p, f.offset)
f.md.AddChunk(f.offset, n)
f.offset += int64(n)
return
}
func (f *File) Seek(offset int64, whence int) (n int64, err error) {
n, err = f.f.Seek(offset, whence)
if err != nil {
return
}
switch whence {
case io.SeekStart:
f.offset = offset
case io.SeekCurrent:
f.offset += offset
}
return
}
func (f *File) Readdir(count int) ([]os.FileInfo, error) {
return f.f.Readdir(count)
}
func (f *File) Stat() (os.FileInfo, error) {
return f.f.Stat()
}
func (f *File) Close() error {
return f.f.Close()
}

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pkg/fs/fs.go Normal file
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// Copyright (C) 2022 Marius Schellenberger
package fs
import (
"context"
"encoding/json"
"errors"
"io"
stdfs "io/fs"
"net/http"
"os"
"path"
"path/filepath"
"strings"
"sync"
"time"
"github.com/go-logr/logr"
)
type FS struct {
mu sync.RWMutex
log logr.Logger
NoCache http.Handler
src string
dst string
mdf *os.File
jenc *json.Encoder
mm map[string]*Metadata
cancel func()
}
func NewFS(src, dst, metadata string, log logr.Logger) (fs *FS, err error) {
if !filepath.IsAbs(src) {
return nil, errors.New("src path is not absolute")
}
if !filepath.IsAbs(dst) {
return nil, errors.New("dst path is not absolute")
}
if !filepath.IsAbs(metadata) {
return nil, errors.New("metadata path is not absolute")
}
if src == dst {
return nil, errors.New("src and dst path can not be equal")
}
mdf, err := os.OpenFile(metadata, os.O_RDWR|os.O_CREATE, 0o640)
if err != nil {
return
}
fs = &FS{
log: log,
NoCache: http.FileServer(http.Dir(src)),
src: src,
dst: dst,
mdf: mdf,
mm: make(map[string]*Metadata),
jenc: json.NewEncoder(mdf),
}
err = json.NewDecoder(mdf).Decode(&fs.mm)
if err == io.EOF {
err = nil
}
for k := range fs.mm {
_, err = stat(fs.dst, k)
if errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
delete(fs.mm, k)
}
}
ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
fs.cancel = cancel
go fs.flusher(ctx)
return fs, err
}
func (fs *FS) Stat(name string) (stdfs.FileInfo, error) {
return stat(fs.src, name)
}
func (fs *FS) Open(name string) (http.File, error) {
return fs.open(name)
}
func (fs *FS) Preload(name string) {
f, err := fs.open(name)
if err != nil {
return
}
if f.md.Preload() {
fs.log.WithValues("file", name).Error(errors.New("preload is running"), "error starting preload")
return
}
unlock := func() { f.md.UnlockPreload() }
go f.Preload(unlock)
}
func skipLog(name string) bool {
return strings.HasSuffix(name, "index.html")
}
func (fs *FS) open(name string) (f *File, err error) {
log := fs.log.WithValues("file", name)
rp := filepath.Join(fs.src, filepath.FromSlash(path.Clean("/"+name)))
rf, err := os.Open(rp)
if err != nil {
if !skipLog(name) {
log.Error(err, "error opening source file")
}
return
}
rfi, err := rf.Stat()
if err != nil {
log.Error(err, "error stat source file")
return
}
if rfi.IsDir() {
return &File{f: rf}, nil
}
mp := filepath.Join(fs.dst, filepath.FromSlash(path.Clean("/"+name)))
var mf *os.File
i := strings.LastIndex(mp, "/")
if i > 0 {
dir := mp[:i]
_, err = os.Stat(dir)
if errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
err = os.MkdirAll(dir, 0o755)
if err != nil {
log.Error(err, "error creating cache dir", "dir", mp)
return nil, err
}
}
}
_, err = os.Stat(mp)
truncate := errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist)
if !fs.isOpen(name) {
mf, err = os.OpenFile(mp, os.O_RDWR|os.O_CREATE, 0o644)
if err != nil {
log.Error(err, "error opening cache file")
return nil, err
}
if truncate {
err = mf.Truncate(rfi.Size())
if err != nil {
log.Error(err, "error truncating cache file")
return nil, err
}
err = mf.Sync()
if err != nil {
log.Error(err, "error syncing cache file")
return nil, err
}
}
}
return &File{
log: log,
f: rf,
md: fs.metadata(name, rfi.Size(), mf),
}, nil
}
func (fs *FS) isOpen(name string) bool {
fs.mu.RLock()
defer fs.mu.RUnlock()
md, ok := fs.mm[name]
return ok && md.f != nil
}
func (fs *FS) metadata(name string, size int64, f *os.File) (md *Metadata) {
fs.mu.Lock()
defer fs.mu.Unlock()
if md, ok := fs.mm[name]; ok {
if md.f == nil {
md.f = f
}
return md
}
md = &Metadata{Size: size, f: f}
fs.mm[name] = md
return
}
func (fs *FS) flusher(ctx context.Context) {
for {
select {
case <-ctx.Done():
return
case <-time.After(time.Minute * 5):
}
fs.flushMetadata()
}
}
func (fs *FS) flushMetadata() {
log := fs.log
fs.mu.Lock()
defer fs.mu.Unlock()
_, err := fs.mdf.Seek(0, io.SeekStart)
if err != nil {
log.Error(err, "failure seeking metadata file")
return
}
err = fs.mdf.Truncate(0)
if err != nil {
log.Error(err, "failure truncating metadata file")
return
}
err = fs.jenc.Encode(fs.mm)
if err != nil {
log.Error(err, "failure flushing metadata file")
}
}
func (fs *FS) Close() {
fs.cancel()
for _, md := range fs.mm {
md.f.Sync()
md.f.Close()
}
fs.flushMetadata()
}
func stat(prefix, name string) (stdfs.FileInfo, error) {
p := filepath.Join(prefix, filepath.FromSlash(path.Clean("/"+name)))
return os.Stat(p)
}

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pkg/fs/metadata.go Normal file
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// Copyright (C) 2022 Marius Schellenberger
package fs
import (
"os"
"sync"
)
type Metadata struct {
mu sync.RWMutex `json:"-"`
f *os.File `json:"-"`
Size int64 `json:"s"`
Chunks Chunks `json:"c"`
preload bool `json:"-"`
}
func (md *Metadata) HasChunk(off int64, n int) bool {
md.mu.RLock()
defer md.mu.RUnlock()
return md.Chunks.Exists(off, n, md.Size)
}
func (md *Metadata) AddChunk(off int64, n int) {
md.mu.Lock()
defer md.mu.Unlock()
md.Chunks.Add(off, n)
}
func (md *Metadata) ReadAt(p []byte, pos int64) (int, error) {
return md.f.ReadAt(p, pos)
}
func (md *Metadata) WriteAt(data []byte, pos int64) (int, error) {
return md.f.WriteAt(data, pos)
}
func (md *Metadata) Preload() bool {
md.mu.Lock()
defer md.mu.Unlock()
if md.preload {
return true
}
md.preload = true
return false
}
func (md *Metadata) UnlockPreload() {
md.mu.Lock()
defer md.mu.Unlock()
md.preload = false
}

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pkg/srv/interceptor.go Normal file
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// Copyright (C) 2022 Marius Schellenberger
package srv
import (
"bytes"
"encoding/xml"
"net/http"
"sort"
)
type dirContents struct {
AllPaths []string `xml:"a"`
Dirs []string `xml:"-"`
Files []string `xml:"-"`
}
type statusInterceptor struct {
w http.ResponseWriter
status int
}
func (s *statusInterceptor) Header() http.Header {
return s.w.Header()
}
func (s *statusInterceptor) Write(p []byte) (int, error) {
return s.w.Write(p)
}
func (s *statusInterceptor) WriteHeader(statusCode int) {
s.w.WriteHeader(statusCode)
s.status = statusCode
}
func (s *statusInterceptor) Status() int {
if s.status == 0 {
return http.StatusOK
}
return s.status
}
type responseInterceptor struct {
buf bytes.Buffer
w http.ResponseWriter
status int
}
func (r *responseInterceptor) Header() http.Header {
return r.w.Header()
}
func (r *responseInterceptor) Write(p []byte) (int, error) {
return r.buf.Write(p)
}
func (r *responseInterceptor) WriteHeader(statusCode int) {
r.status = statusCode
}
func (r *responseInterceptor) Status() int {
if r.status == 0 {
return http.StatusOK
}
return r.status
}
func (r *responseInterceptor) GetPaths() (dir dirContents, err error) {
err = xml.Unmarshal(r.buf.Bytes(), &dir)
if err != nil {
return
}
for _, p := range dir.AllPaths {
if p[len(p)-1] == '/' {
dir.Dirs = append(dir.Dirs, p)
} else {
dir.Files = append(dir.Files, p)
}
}
sort.Strings(dir.Dirs)
sort.Strings(dir.Files)
return
}

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// Copyright (C) 2022 Marius Schellenberger
package srv
import (
"errors"
"io"
stdfs "io/fs"
"net/http"
"path"
"strings"
"cachefs/pkg/fs"
"github.com/go-logr/logr"
)
type FileServer struct {
log logr.Logger
fs *fs.FS
h http.Handler
}
func NewFileServer(fs *fs.FS, log logr.Logger) http.Handler {
return &FileServer{log, fs, http.FileServer(fs)}
}
func skipLog(path string) bool {
return strings.HasSuffix(path, "favicon.ico")
}
func (fs *FileServer) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
s := &statusInterceptor{w: w}
w = s
defer func() {
if skipLog(r.RequestURI) {
return
}
fs.log.Info("access",
"uri", r.RequestURI,
"method", r.Method,
"status", s.Status(),
)
}()
upath := r.URL.Path
if !strings.HasPrefix(upath, "/") {
upath = "/" + upath
r.URL.Path = upath
}
p := path.Clean(upath)
d, err := fs.fs.Stat(p)
if err != nil {
msg, code := toHTTPError(err)
http.Error(w, msg, code)
return
}
if r.FormValue("v") == "t" {
err = video.Execute(w, r.URL.Path)
if err != nil {
http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
}
return
}
if !d.IsDir() {
if r.FormValue("p") == "t" {
fs.fs.Preload(p)
idx := strings.LastIndex(p, "/")
if idx > 0 {
p = p[:idx]
} else {
p = "/"
}
http.Redirect(w, r, p, http.StatusFound)
return
}
if r.FormValue("n") == "t" {
fs.fs.NoCache.ServeHTTP(w, r)
return
}
fs.h.ServeHTTP(w, r)
return
}
i := &responseInterceptor{w: w}
fs.h.ServeHTTP(i, r)
paths, err := i.GetPaths()
if err == io.EOF {
w.WriteHeader(i.Status())
return
}
if err != nil {
http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
return
}
w.WriteHeader(i.Status())
err = index.Execute(w, paths)
if err != nil {
http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
return
}
}
func toHTTPError(err error) (string, int) {
if errors.Is(err, stdfs.ErrNotExist) {
return "404 page not found", http.StatusNotFound
}
if errors.Is(err, stdfs.ErrPermission) {
return "403 Forbidden", http.StatusForbidden
}
// Default:
return "500 Internal Server Error", http.StatusInternalServerError
}

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// Copyright (C) 2022 Marius Schellenberger
package srv
import "html/template"
var (
index = template.Must(template.New("index").Parse(`<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
body { text-align: center; padding: 0 150px 0 150px; font: 20px Helvetica, sans-serif; color: #333; }
article { display: block; text-align: left; width: 650px; margin: 0 auto; }
table { text-align: left; }
</style>
</head>
<body>
<article>
<pre>
[v]: show video
[n]: skip file caching
[p]: preload file
</pre>
<table>
<tr><th>Path</th><th>Options</th></tr>
<tr><td><a href="../">../</a></td><td></td></tr>
{{range $s := .Dirs -}}
<tr><td><a href="{{$s}}">{{$s}}</a></td><td></td></tr>
{{end -}}
{{range $s := .Files -}}
<tr><td><a href="{{$s}}">{{$s}}</a></td>
<td><a href="{{$s}}?v=t">[v]</a>&nbsp;<a href="{{$s}}?n=t">[n]</a>&nbsp;<a href="{{$s}}?p=t">[p]</a></td></tr>
{{end -}}
</table>
</article>
</body>
</html>`))
video = template.Must(template.New("video").Parse(`<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width">
</head>
<body>
<video id="video" style="width: 100%; height: 100%;" src="{{.}}" controls=""></video>
<script>document.getElementById("video").volume = 0.5;</script>
</body>
</html>`))
)

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run.sh Executable file
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#!/bin/sh
./cachefs \
-src /home/marius/Desktop \
-dst /home/marius/mirrortmp \
-data /home/marius/mirrortmp/md.json \
-listen :8080 \
-v 2

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scripts/install_openbsd.sh Normal file
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groupadd _cachefs
useradd -d /var/empty -g _cachefs _cachefs
cat <<"EOF">/etc/rc.d/cachefs
#!/bin/sh
daemon="/usr/local/sbin/cachefs"
daemon_flags="-src /mnt/nfs -dst /mnt/cache -data /mnt/cache/md.json -listen :9090 -v 2"
daemon_logger="daemon.info"
daemon_user="_cachefs"
. /etc/rc.d/rc.subr
pexp="${daemon}.*"
rc_bg=YES
rc_reload=NO
rc_pre() {
if ! mount | grep -q /mnt/cache; then
bioctl -c C -p /root/sd1_key -l sd1a softraid0 && { sleep 1; fsck /dev/sd2a && mount /mnt/cache; }
fi
}
rc_cmd $1
EOF
chmod 555 /etc/rc.d/cachefs
mkdir -p /mnt/cache
fdisk -iy sd1
disklabel -E sd1 <<EOF
a a
RAID
w
q
EOF
dd if=/dev/urandom bs=1 count=256 2>/dev/null|sha256 >/root/sd1_key
chmod 600 /root/sd1_key
bioctl -c C -p /root/sd1_key -l sd1a softraid0
fdisk -iy sd2
disklabel -E sd2 <<EOF
a a
w
q
EOF
newfs sd2a
echo "/dev/sd2a /mnt/cache ffs rw,nodev,nosuid,softdep,noauto 1 0" >>/etc/fstab
echo "sync; umount /mnt/cache && bioctl -d sd2" >>/etc/rc.shutdown
chmod 700 /etc/rc.shutdown
mount /mnt/cache
chown _cachefs:_cachefs /mnt/cache
rcctl enable cachefs
rcctl start cachefs

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run:
timeout: 1m
tests: true
linters:
disable-all: true
enable:
- asciicheck
- deadcode
- errcheck
- forcetypeassert
- gocritic
- gofmt
- goimports
- gosimple
- govet
- ineffassign
- misspell
- revive
- staticcheck
- structcheck
- typecheck
- unused
- varcheck
issues:
exclude-use-default: false
max-issues-per-linter: 0
max-same-issues: 10

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# CHANGELOG
## v1.0.0-rc1
This is the first logged release. Major changes (including breaking changes)
have occurred since earlier tags.

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# Contributing
Logr is open to pull-requests, provided they fit within the intended scope of
the project. Specifically, this library aims to be VERY small and minimalist,
with no external dependencies.
## Compatibility
This project intends to follow [semantic versioning](http://semver.org) and
is very strict about compatibility. Any proposed changes MUST follow those
rules.
## Performance
As a logging library, logr must be as light-weight as possible. Any proposed
code change must include results of running the [benchmark](./benchmark)
before and after the change.

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# A minimal logging API for Go
[![Go Reference](https://pkg.go.dev/badge/github.com/go-logr/logr.svg)](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/go-logr/logr)
logr offers an(other) opinion on how Go programs and libraries can do logging
without becoming coupled to a particular logging implementation. This is not
an implementation of logging - it is an API. In fact it is two APIs with two
different sets of users.
The `Logger` type is intended for application and library authors. It provides
a relatively small API which can be used everywhere you want to emit logs. It
defers the actual act of writing logs (to files, to stdout, or whatever) to the
`LogSink` interface.
The `LogSink` interface is intended for logging library implementers. It is a
pure interface which can be implemented by logging frameworks to provide the actual logging
functionality.
This decoupling allows application and library developers to write code in
terms of `logr.Logger` (which has very low dependency fan-out) while the
implementation of logging is managed "up stack" (e.g. in or near `main()`.)
Application developers can then switch out implementations as necessary.
Many people assert that libraries should not be logging, and as such efforts
like this are pointless. Those people are welcome to convince the authors of
the tens-of-thousands of libraries that *DO* write logs that they are all
wrong. In the meantime, logr takes a more practical approach.
## Typical usage
Somewhere, early in an application's life, it will make a decision about which
logging library (implementation) it actually wants to use. Something like:
```
func main() {
// ... other setup code ...
// Create the "root" logger. We have chosen the "logimpl" implementation,
// which takes some initial parameters and returns a logr.Logger.
logger := logimpl.New(param1, param2)
// ... other setup code ...
```
Most apps will call into other libraries, create structures to govern the flow,
etc. The `logr.Logger` object can be passed to these other libraries, stored
in structs, or even used as a package-global variable, if needed. For example:
```
app := createTheAppObject(logger)
app.Run()
```
Outside of this early setup, no other packages need to know about the choice of
implementation. They write logs in terms of the `logr.Logger` that they
received:
```
type appObject struct {
// ... other fields ...
logger logr.Logger
// ... other fields ...
}
func (app *appObject) Run() {
app.logger.Info("starting up", "timestamp", time.Now())
// ... app code ...
```
## Background
If the Go standard library had defined an interface for logging, this project
probably would not be needed. Alas, here we are.
### Inspiration
Before you consider this package, please read [this blog post by the
inimitable Dave Cheney][warning-makes-no-sense]. We really appreciate what
he has to say, and it largely aligns with our own experiences.
### Differences from Dave's ideas
The main differences are:
1. Dave basically proposes doing away with the notion of a logging API in favor
of `fmt.Printf()`. We disagree, especially when you consider things like output
locations, timestamps, file and line decorations, and structured logging. This
package restricts the logging API to just 2 types of logs: info and error.
Info logs are things you want to tell the user which are not errors. Error
logs are, well, errors. If your code receives an `error` from a subordinate
function call and is logging that `error` *and not returning it*, use error
logs.
2. Verbosity-levels on info logs. This gives developers a chance to indicate
arbitrary grades of importance for info logs, without assigning names with
semantic meaning such as "warning", "trace", and "debug." Superficially this
may feel very similar, but the primary difference is the lack of semantics.
Because verbosity is a numerical value, it's safe to assume that an app running
with higher verbosity means more (and less important) logs will be generated.
## Implementations (non-exhaustive)
There are implementations for the following logging libraries:
- **a function** (can bridge to non-structured libraries): [funcr](https://github.com/go-logr/logr/tree/master/funcr)
- **github.com/google/glog**: [glogr](https://github.com/go-logr/glogr)
- **k8s.io/klog** (for Kubernetes): [klogr](https://git.k8s.io/klog/klogr)
- **go.uber.org/zap**: [zapr](https://github.com/go-logr/zapr)
- **log** (the Go standard library logger): [stdr](https://github.com/go-logr/stdr)
- **github.com/sirupsen/logrus**: [logrusr](https://github.com/bombsimon/logrusr)
- **github.com/wojas/genericr**: [genericr](https://github.com/wojas/genericr) (makes it easy to implement your own backend)
- **logfmt** (Heroku style [logging](https://www.brandur.org/logfmt)): [logfmtr](https://github.com/iand/logfmtr)
- **github.com/rs/zerolog**: [zerologr](https://github.com/go-logr/zerologr)
## FAQ
### Conceptual
#### Why structured logging?
- **Structured logs are more easily queryable**: Since you've got
key-value pairs, it's much easier to query your structured logs for
particular values by filtering on the contents of a particular key --
think searching request logs for error codes, Kubernetes reconcilers for
the name and namespace of the reconciled object, etc.
- **Structured logging makes it easier to have cross-referenceable logs**:
Similarly to searchability, if you maintain conventions around your
keys, it becomes easy to gather all log lines related to a particular
concept.
- **Structured logs allow better dimensions of filtering**: if you have
structure to your logs, you've got more precise control over how much
information is logged -- you might choose in a particular configuration
to log certain keys but not others, only log lines where a certain key
matches a certain value, etc., instead of just having v-levels and names
to key off of.
- **Structured logs better represent structured data**: sometimes, the
data that you want to log is inherently structured (think tuple-link
objects.) Structured logs allow you to preserve that structure when
outputting.
#### Why V-levels?
**V-levels give operators an easy way to control the chattiness of log
operations**. V-levels provide a way for a given package to distinguish
the relative importance or verbosity of a given log message. Then, if
a particular logger or package is logging too many messages, the user
of the package can simply change the v-levels for that library.
#### Why not named levels, like Info/Warning/Error?
Read [Dave Cheney's post][warning-makes-no-sense]. Then read [Differences
from Dave's ideas](#differences-from-daves-ideas).
#### Why not allow format strings, too?
**Format strings negate many of the benefits of structured logs**:
- They're not easily searchable without resorting to fuzzy searching,
regular expressions, etc.
- They don't store structured data well, since contents are flattened into
a string.
- They're not cross-referenceable.
- They don't compress easily, since the message is not constant.
(Unless you turn positional parameters into key-value pairs with numerical
keys, at which point you've gotten key-value logging with meaningless
keys.)
### Practical
#### Why key-value pairs, and not a map?
Key-value pairs are *much* easier to optimize, especially around
allocations. Zap (a structured logger that inspired logr's interface) has
[performance measurements](https://github.com/uber-go/zap#performance)
that show this quite nicely.
While the interface ends up being a little less obvious, you get
potentially better performance, plus avoid making users type
`map[string]string{}` every time they want to log.
#### What if my V-levels differ between libraries?
That's fine. Control your V-levels on a per-logger basis, and use the
`WithName` method to pass different loggers to different libraries.
Generally, you should take care to ensure that you have relatively
consistent V-levels within a given logger, however, as this makes deciding
on what verbosity of logs to request easier.
#### But I really want to use a format string!
That's not actually a question. Assuming your question is "how do
I convert my mental model of logging with format strings to logging with
constant messages":
1. Figure out what the error actually is, as you'd write in a TL;DR style,
and use that as a message.
2. For every place you'd write a format specifier, look to the word before
it, and add that as a key value pair.
For instance, consider the following examples (all taken from spots in the
Kubernetes codebase):
- `klog.V(4).Infof("Client is returning errors: code %v, error %v",
responseCode, err)` becomes `logger.Error(err, "client returned an
error", "code", responseCode)`
- `klog.V(4).Infof("Got a Retry-After %ds response for attempt %d to %v",
seconds, retries, url)` becomes `logger.V(4).Info("got a retry-after
response when requesting url", "attempt", retries, "after
seconds", seconds, "url", url)`
If you *really* must use a format string, use it in a key's value, and
call `fmt.Sprintf` yourself. For instance: `log.Printf("unable to
reflect over type %T")` becomes `logger.Info("unable to reflect over
type", "type", fmt.Sprintf("%T"))`. In general though, the cases where
this is necessary should be few and far between.
#### How do I choose my V-levels?
This is basically the only hard constraint: increase V-levels to denote
more verbose or more debug-y logs.
Otherwise, you can start out with `0` as "you always want to see this",
`1` as "common logging that you might *possibly* want to turn off", and
`10` as "I would like to performance-test your log collection stack."
Then gradually choose levels in between as you need them, working your way
down from 10 (for debug and trace style logs) and up from 1 (for chattier
info-type logs.)
#### How do I choose my keys?
Keys are fairly flexible, and can hold more or less any string
value. For best compatibility with implementations and consistency
with existing code in other projects, there are a few conventions you
should consider.
- Make your keys human-readable.
- Constant keys are generally a good idea.
- Be consistent across your codebase.
- Keys should naturally match parts of the message string.
- Use lower case for simple keys and
[lowerCamelCase](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lowerCamelCase) for
more complex ones. Kubernetes is one example of a project that has
[adopted that
convention](https://github.com/kubernetes/community/blob/HEAD/contributors/devel/sig-instrumentation/migration-to-structured-logging.md#name-arguments).
While key names are mostly unrestricted (and spaces are acceptable),
it's generally a good idea to stick to printable ascii characters, or at
least match the general character set of your log lines.
#### Why should keys be constant values?
The point of structured logging is to make later log processing easier. Your
keys are, effectively, the schema of each log message. If you use different
keys across instances of the same log line, you will make your structured logs
much harder to use. `Sprintf()` is for values, not for keys!
#### Why is this not a pure interface?
The Logger type is implemented as a struct in order to allow the Go compiler to
optimize things like high-V `Info` logs that are not triggered. Not all of
these implementations are implemented yet, but this structure was suggested as
a way to ensure they *can* be implemented. All of the real work is behind the
`LogSink` interface.
[warning-makes-no-sense]: http://dave.cheney.net/2015/11/05/lets-talk-about-logging

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/*
Copyright 2020 The logr Authors.
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
*/
package logr
// Discard returns a Logger that discards all messages logged to it. It can be
// used whenever the caller is not interested in the logs. Logger instances
// produced by this function always compare as equal.
func Discard() Logger {
return Logger{
level: 0,
sink: discardLogSink{},
}
}
// discardLogSink is a LogSink that discards all messages.
type discardLogSink struct{}
// Verify that it actually implements the interface
var _ LogSink = discardLogSink{}
func (l discardLogSink) Init(RuntimeInfo) {
}
func (l discardLogSink) Enabled(int) bool {
return false
}
func (l discardLogSink) Info(int, string, ...interface{}) {
}
func (l discardLogSink) Error(error, string, ...interface{}) {
}
func (l discardLogSink) WithValues(...interface{}) LogSink {
return l
}
func (l discardLogSink) WithName(string) LogSink {
return l
}

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/*
Copyright 2019 The logr Authors.
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
*/
// This design derives from Dave Cheney's blog:
// http://dave.cheney.net/2015/11/05/lets-talk-about-logging
// Package logr defines a general-purpose logging API and abstract interfaces
// to back that API. Packages in the Go ecosystem can depend on this package,
// while callers can implement logging with whatever backend is appropriate.
//
// Usage
//
// Logging is done using a Logger instance. Logger is a concrete type with
// methods, which defers the actual logging to a LogSink interface. The main
// methods of Logger are Info() and Error(). Arguments to Info() and Error()
// are key/value pairs rather than printf-style formatted strings, emphasizing
// "structured logging".
//
// With Go's standard log package, we might write:
// log.Printf("setting target value %s", targetValue)
//
// With logr's structured logging, we'd write:
// logger.Info("setting target", "value", targetValue)
//
// Errors are much the same. Instead of:
// log.Printf("failed to open the pod bay door for user %s: %v", user, err)
//
// We'd write:
// logger.Error(err, "failed to open the pod bay door", "user", user)
//
// Info() and Error() are very similar, but they are separate methods so that
// LogSink implementations can choose to do things like attach additional
// information (such as stack traces) on calls to Error(). Error() messages are
// always logged, regardless of the current verbosity. If there is no error
// instance available, passing nil is valid.
//
// Verbosity
//
// Often we want to log information only when the application in "verbose
// mode". To write log lines that are more verbose, Logger has a V() method.
// The higher the V-level of a log line, the less critical it is considered.
// Log-lines with V-levels that are not enabled (as per the LogSink) will not
// be written. Level V(0) is the default, and logger.V(0).Info() has the same
// meaning as logger.Info(). Negative V-levels have the same meaning as V(0).
// Error messages do not have a verbosity level and are always logged.
//
// Where we might have written:
// if flVerbose >= 2 {
// log.Printf("an unusual thing happened")
// }
//
// We can write:
// logger.V(2).Info("an unusual thing happened")
//
// Logger Names
//
// Logger instances can have name strings so that all messages logged through
// that instance have additional context. For example, you might want to add
// a subsystem name:
//
// logger.WithName("compactor").Info("started", "time", time.Now())
//
// The WithName() method returns a new Logger, which can be passed to
// constructors or other functions for further use. Repeated use of WithName()
// will accumulate name "segments". These name segments will be joined in some
// way by the LogSink implementation. It is strongly recommended that name
// segments contain simple identifiers (letters, digits, and hyphen), and do
// not contain characters that could muddle the log output or confuse the
// joining operation (e.g. whitespace, commas, periods, slashes, brackets,
// quotes, etc).
//
// Saved Values
//
// Logger instances can store any number of key/value pairs, which will be
// logged alongside all messages logged through that instance. For example,
// you might want to create a Logger instance per managed object:
//
// With the standard log package, we might write:
// log.Printf("decided to set field foo to value %q for object %s/%s",
// targetValue, object.Namespace, object.Name)
//
// With logr we'd write:
// // Elsewhere: set up the logger to log the object name.
// obj.logger = mainLogger.WithValues(
// "name", obj.name, "namespace", obj.namespace)
//
// // later on...
// obj.logger.Info("setting foo", "value", targetValue)
//
// Best Practices
//
// Logger has very few hard rules, with the goal that LogSink implementations
// might have a lot of freedom to differentiate. There are, however, some
// things to consider.
//
// The log message consists of a constant message attached to the log line.
// This should generally be a simple description of what's occurring, and should
// never be a format string. Variable information can then be attached using
// named values.
//
// Keys are arbitrary strings, but should generally be constant values. Values
// may be any Go value, but how the value is formatted is determined by the
// LogSink implementation.
//
// Key Naming Conventions
//
// Keys are not strictly required to conform to any specification or regex, but
// it is recommended that they:
// * be human-readable and meaningful (not auto-generated or simple ordinals)
// * be constant (not dependent on input data)
// * contain only printable characters
// * not contain whitespace or punctuation
// * use lower case for simple keys and lowerCamelCase for more complex ones
//
// These guidelines help ensure that log data is processed properly regardless
// of the log implementation. For example, log implementations will try to
// output JSON data or will store data for later database (e.g. SQL) queries.
//
// While users are generally free to use key names of their choice, it's
// generally best to avoid using the following keys, as they're frequently used
// by implementations:
// * "caller": the calling information (file/line) of a particular log line
// * "error": the underlying error value in the `Error` method
// * "level": the log level
// * "logger": the name of the associated logger
// * "msg": the log message
// * "stacktrace": the stack trace associated with a particular log line or
// error (often from the `Error` message)
// * "ts": the timestamp for a log line
//
// Implementations are encouraged to make use of these keys to represent the
// above concepts, when necessary (for example, in a pure-JSON output form, it
// would be necessary to represent at least message and timestamp as ordinary
// named values).
//
// Break Glass
//
// Implementations may choose to give callers access to the underlying
// logging implementation. The recommended pattern for this is:
// // Underlier exposes access to the underlying logging implementation.
// // Since callers only have a logr.Logger, they have to know which
// // implementation is in use, so this interface is less of an abstraction
// // and more of way to test type conversion.
// type Underlier interface {
// GetUnderlying() <underlying-type>
// }
//
// Logger grants access to the sink to enable type assertions like this:
// func DoSomethingWithImpl(log logr.Logger) {
// if underlier, ok := log.GetSink()(impl.Underlier) {
// implLogger := underlier.GetUnderlying()
// ...
// }
// }
//
// Custom `With*` functions can be implemented by copying the complete
// Logger struct and replacing the sink in the copy:
// // WithFooBar changes the foobar parameter in the log sink and returns a
// // new logger with that modified sink. It does nothing for loggers where
// // the sink doesn't support that parameter.
// func WithFoobar(log logr.Logger, foobar int) logr.Logger {
// if foobarLogSink, ok := log.GetSink()(FoobarSink); ok {
// log = log.WithSink(foobarLogSink.WithFooBar(foobar))
// }
// return log
// }
//
// Don't use New to construct a new Logger with a LogSink retrieved from an
// existing Logger. Source code attribution might not work correctly and
// unexported fields in Logger get lost.
//
// Beware that the same LogSink instance may be shared by different logger
// instances. Calling functions that modify the LogSink will affect all of
// those.
package logr
import (
"context"
)
// New returns a new Logger instance. This is primarily used by libraries
// implementing LogSink, rather than end users.
func New(sink LogSink) Logger {
logger := Logger{}
logger.setSink(sink)
sink.Init(runtimeInfo)
return logger
}
// setSink stores the sink and updates any related fields. It mutates the
// logger and thus is only safe to use for loggers that are not currently being
// used concurrently.
func (l *Logger) setSink(sink LogSink) {
l.sink = sink
}
// GetSink returns the stored sink.
func (l Logger) GetSink() LogSink {
return l.sink
}
// WithSink returns a copy of the logger with the new sink.
func (l Logger) WithSink(sink LogSink) Logger {
l.setSink(sink)
return l
}
// Logger is an interface to an abstract logging implementation. This is a
// concrete type for performance reasons, but all the real work is passed on to
// a LogSink. Implementations of LogSink should provide their own constructors
// that return Logger, not LogSink.
//
// The underlying sink can be accessed through GetSink and be modified through
// WithSink. This enables the implementation of custom extensions (see "Break
// Glass" in the package documentation). Normally the sink should be used only
// indirectly.
type Logger struct {
sink LogSink
level int
}
// Enabled tests whether this Logger is enabled. For example, commandline
// flags might be used to set the logging verbosity and disable some info logs.
func (l Logger) Enabled() bool {
return l.sink.Enabled(l.level)
}
// Info logs a non-error message with the given key/value pairs as context.
//
// The msg argument should be used to add some constant description to the log
// line. The key/value pairs can then be used to add additional variable
// information. The key/value pairs must alternate string keys and arbitrary
// values.
func (l Logger) Info(msg string, keysAndValues ...interface{}) {
if l.Enabled() {
if withHelper, ok := l.sink.(CallStackHelperLogSink); ok {
withHelper.GetCallStackHelper()()
}
l.sink.Info(l.level, msg, keysAndValues...)
}
}
// Error logs an error, with the given message and key/value pairs as context.
// It functions similarly to Info, but may have unique behavior, and should be
// preferred for logging errors (see the package documentations for more
// information). The log message will always be emitted, regardless of
// verbosity level.
//
// The msg argument should be used to add context to any underlying error,
// while the err argument should be used to attach the actual error that
// triggered this log line, if present. The err parameter is optional
// and nil may be passed instead of an error instance.
func (l Logger) Error(err error, msg string, keysAndValues ...interface{}) {
if withHelper, ok := l.sink.(CallStackHelperLogSink); ok {
withHelper.GetCallStackHelper()()
}
l.sink.Error(err, msg, keysAndValues...)
}
// V returns a new Logger instance for a specific verbosity level, relative to
// this Logger. In other words, V-levels are additive. A higher verbosity
// level means a log message is less important. Negative V-levels are treated
// as 0.
func (l Logger) V(level int) Logger {
if level < 0 {
level = 0
}
l.level += level
return l
}
// WithValues returns a new Logger instance with additional key/value pairs.
// See Info for documentation on how key/value pairs work.
func (l Logger) WithValues(keysAndValues ...interface{}) Logger {
l.setSink(l.sink.WithValues(keysAndValues...))
return l
}
// WithName returns a new Logger instance with the specified name element added
// to the Logger's name. Successive calls with WithName append additional
// suffixes to the Logger's name. It's strongly recommended that name segments
// contain only letters, digits, and hyphens (see the package documentation for
// more information).
func (l Logger) WithName(name string) Logger {
l.setSink(l.sink.WithName(name))
return l
}
// WithCallDepth returns a Logger instance that offsets the call stack by the
// specified number of frames when logging call site information, if possible.
// This is useful for users who have helper functions between the "real" call
// site and the actual calls to Logger methods. If depth is 0 the attribution
// should be to the direct caller of this function. If depth is 1 the
// attribution should skip 1 call frame, and so on. Successive calls to this
// are additive.
//
// If the underlying log implementation supports a WithCallDepth(int) method,
// it will be called and the result returned. If the implementation does not
// support CallDepthLogSink, the original Logger will be returned.
//
// To skip one level, WithCallStackHelper() should be used instead of
// WithCallDepth(1) because it works with implementions that support the
// CallDepthLogSink and/or CallStackHelperLogSink interfaces.
func (l Logger) WithCallDepth(depth int) Logger {
if withCallDepth, ok := l.sink.(CallDepthLogSink); ok {
l.setSink(withCallDepth.WithCallDepth(depth))
}
return l
}
// WithCallStackHelper returns a new Logger instance that skips the direct
// caller when logging call site information, if possible. This is useful for
// users who have helper functions between the "real" call site and the actual
// calls to Logger methods and want to support loggers which depend on marking
// each individual helper function, like loggers based on testing.T.
//
// In addition to using that new logger instance, callers also must call the
// returned function.
//
// If the underlying log implementation supports a WithCallDepth(int) method,
// WithCallDepth(1) will be called to produce a new logger. If it supports a
// WithCallStackHelper() method, that will be also called. If the
// implementation does not support either of these, the original Logger will be
// returned.
func (l Logger) WithCallStackHelper() (func(), Logger) {
var helper func()
if withCallDepth, ok := l.sink.(CallDepthLogSink); ok {
l.setSink(withCallDepth.WithCallDepth(1))
}
if withHelper, ok := l.sink.(CallStackHelperLogSink); ok {
helper = withHelper.GetCallStackHelper()
} else {
helper = func() {}
}
return helper, l
}
// contextKey is how we find Loggers in a context.Context.
type contextKey struct{}
// FromContext returns a Logger from ctx or an error if no Logger is found.
func FromContext(ctx context.Context) (Logger, error) {
if v, ok := ctx.Value(contextKey{}).(Logger); ok {
return v, nil
}
return Logger{}, notFoundError{}
}
// notFoundError exists to carry an IsNotFound method.
type notFoundError struct{}
func (notFoundError) Error() string {
return "no logr.Logger was present"
}
func (notFoundError) IsNotFound() bool {
return true
}
// FromContextOrDiscard returns a Logger from ctx. If no Logger is found, this
// returns a Logger that discards all log messages.
func FromContextOrDiscard(ctx context.Context) Logger {
if v, ok := ctx.Value(contextKey{}).(Logger); ok {
return v
}
return Discard()
}
// NewContext returns a new Context, derived from ctx, which carries the
// provided Logger.
func NewContext(ctx context.Context, logger Logger) context.Context {
return context.WithValue(ctx, contextKey{}, logger)
}
// RuntimeInfo holds information that the logr "core" library knows which
// LogSinks might want to know.
type RuntimeInfo struct {
// CallDepth is the number of call frames the logr library adds between the
// end-user and the LogSink. LogSink implementations which choose to print
// the original logging site (e.g. file & line) should climb this many
// additional frames to find it.
CallDepth int
}
// runtimeInfo is a static global. It must not be changed at run time.
var runtimeInfo = RuntimeInfo{
CallDepth: 1,
}
// LogSink represents a logging implementation. End-users will generally not
// interact with this type.
type LogSink interface {
// Init receives optional information about the logr library for LogSink
// implementations that need it.
Init(info RuntimeInfo)
// Enabled tests whether this LogSink is enabled at the specified V-level.
// For example, commandline flags might be used to set the logging
// verbosity and disable some info logs.
Enabled(level int) bool
// Info logs a non-error message with the given key/value pairs as context.
// The level argument is provided for optional logging. This method will
// only be called when Enabled(level) is true. See Logger.Info for more
// details.
Info(level int, msg string, keysAndValues ...interface{})
// Error logs an error, with the given message and key/value pairs as
// context. See Logger.Error for more details.
Error(err error, msg string, keysAndValues ...interface{})
// WithValues returns a new LogSink with additional key/value pairs. See
// Logger.WithValues for more details.
WithValues(keysAndValues ...interface{}) LogSink
// WithName returns a new LogSink with the specified name appended. See
// Logger.WithName for more details.
WithName(name string) LogSink
}
// CallDepthLogSink represents a Logger that knows how to climb the call stack
// to identify the original call site and can offset the depth by a specified
// number of frames. This is useful for users who have helper functions
// between the "real" call site and the actual calls to Logger methods.
// Implementations that log information about the call site (such as file,
// function, or line) would otherwise log information about the intermediate
// helper functions.
//
// This is an optional interface and implementations are not required to
// support it.
type CallDepthLogSink interface {
// WithCallDepth returns a LogSink that will offset the call
// stack by the specified number of frames when logging call
// site information.
//
// If depth is 0, the LogSink should skip exactly the number
// of call frames defined in RuntimeInfo.CallDepth when Info
// or Error are called, i.e. the attribution should be to the
// direct caller of Logger.Info or Logger.Error.
//
// If depth is 1 the attribution should skip 1 call frame, and so on.
// Successive calls to this are additive.
WithCallDepth(depth int) LogSink
}
// CallStackHelperLogSink represents a Logger that knows how to climb
// the call stack to identify the original call site and can skip
// intermediate helper functions if they mark themselves as
// helper. Go's testing package uses that approach.
//
// This is useful for users who have helper functions between the
// "real" call site and the actual calls to Logger methods.
// Implementations that log information about the call site (such as
// file, function, or line) would otherwise log information about the
// intermediate helper functions.
//
// This is an optional interface and implementations are not required
// to support it. Implementations that choose to support this must not
// simply implement it as WithCallDepth(1), because
// Logger.WithCallStackHelper will call both methods if they are
// present. This should only be implemented for LogSinks that actually
// need it, as with testing.T.
type CallStackHelperLogSink interface {
// GetCallStackHelper returns a function that must be called
// to mark the direct caller as helper function when logging
// call site information.
GetCallStackHelper() func()
}
// Marshaler is an optional interface that logged values may choose to
// implement. Loggers with structured output, such as JSON, should
// log the object return by the MarshalLog method instead of the
// original value.
type Marshaler interface {
// MarshalLog can be used to:
// - ensure that structs are not logged as strings when the original
// value has a String method: return a different type without a
// String method
// - select which fields of a complex type should get logged:
// return a simpler struct with fewer fields
// - log unexported fields: return a different struct
// with exported fields
//
// It may return any value of any type.
MarshalLog() interface{}
}

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# OSX leaves these everywhere on SMB shares
._*
# OSX trash
.DS_Store
# Eclipse files
.classpath
.project
.settings/**
# Files generated by JetBrains IDEs, e.g. IntelliJ IDEA
.idea/
*.iml
# Vscode files
.vscode

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# Contributing Guidelines
Welcome to Kubernetes. We are excited about the prospect of you joining our [community](https://github.com/kubernetes/community)! The Kubernetes community abides by the CNCF [code of conduct](code-of-conduct.md). Here is an excerpt:
_As contributors and maintainers of this project, and in the interest of fostering an open and welcoming community, we pledge to respect all people who contribute through reporting issues, posting feature requests, updating documentation, submitting pull requests or patches, and other activities._
## Getting Started
We have full documentation on how to get started contributing here:
- [Contributor License Agreement](https://git.k8s.io/community/CLA.md) Kubernetes projects require that you sign a Contributor License Agreement (CLA) before we can accept your pull requests
- [Kubernetes Contributor Guide](http://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/guide) - Main contributor documentation, or you can just jump directly to the [contributing section](http://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/guide#contributing)
- [Contributor Cheat Sheet](https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/guide/contributor-cheatsheet) - Common resources for existing developers
## Mentorship
- [Mentoring Initiatives](https://git.k8s.io/community/mentoring) - We have a diverse set of mentorship programs available that are always looking for volunteers!
## Contact Information
- [Slack](https://kubernetes.slack.com/messages/sig-architecture)
- [Mailing List](https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/kubernetes-sig-architecture)

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Apache License
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http://www.apache.org/licenses/
TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
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"You" (or "Your") shall mean an individual or Legal Entity exercising
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"Work" shall mean the work of authorship, whether in Source or Object form, made
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APPENDIX: How to apply the Apache License to your work
To apply the Apache License to your work, attach the following boilerplate
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# See the OWNERS docs at https://go.k8s.io/owners
reviewers:
- jayunit100
- hoegaarden
- andyxning
- neolit123
- pohly
- yagonobre
- vincepri
- detiber
approvers:
- dims
- thockin
- justinsb
- tallclair
- piosz
- brancz
- lavalamp
- serathius

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klog
====
klog is a permanent fork of https://github.com/golang/glog.
## Why was klog created?
The decision to create klog was one that wasn't made lightly, but it was necessary due to some
drawbacks that are present in [glog](https://github.com/golang/glog). Ultimately, the fork was created due to glog not being under active development; this can be seen in the glog README:
> The code in this repo [...] is not itself under development
This makes us unable to solve many use cases without a fork. The factors that contributed to needing feature development are listed below:
* `glog` [presents a lot "gotchas"](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/issues/61006) and introduces challenges in containerized environments, all of which aren't well documented.
* `glog` doesn't provide an easy way to test logs, which detracts from the stability of software using it
* A long term goal is to implement a logging interface that allows us to add context, change output format, etc.
Historical context is available here:
* https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/issues/61006
* https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/issues/70264
* https://groups.google.com/forum/#!msg/kubernetes-sig-architecture/wCWiWf3Juzs/hXRVBH90CgAJ
* https://groups.google.com/forum/#!msg/kubernetes-dev/7vnijOMhLS0/1oRiNtigBgAJ
----
How to use klog
===============
- Replace imports for `"github.com/golang/glog"` with `"k8s.io/klog/v2"`
- Use `klog.InitFlags(nil)` explicitly for initializing global flags as we no longer use `init()` method to register the flags
- You can now use `log_file` instead of `log_dir` for logging to a single file (See `examples/log_file/usage_log_file.go`)
- If you want to redirect everything logged using klog somewhere else (say syslog!), you can use `klog.SetOutput()` method and supply a `io.Writer`. (See `examples/set_output/usage_set_output.go`)
- For more logging conventions (See [Logging Conventions](https://github.com/kubernetes/community/blob/master/contributors/devel/sig-instrumentation/logging.md))
**NOTE**: please use the newer go versions that support semantic import versioning in modules, ideally go 1.11.4 or greater.
### Coexisting with klog/v2
See [this example](examples/coexist_klog_v1_and_v2/) to see how to coexist with both klog/v1 and klog/v2.
### Coexisting with glog
This package can be used side by side with glog. [This example](examples/coexist_glog/coexist_glog.go) shows how to initialize and synchronize flags from the global `flag.CommandLine` FlagSet. In addition, the example makes use of stderr as combined output by setting `alsologtostderr` (or `logtostderr`) to `true`.
## Community, discussion, contribution, and support
Learn how to engage with the Kubernetes community on the [community page](http://kubernetes.io/community/).
You can reach the maintainers of this project at:
- [Slack](https://kubernetes.slack.com/messages/klog)
- [Mailing List](https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/kubernetes-sig-architecture)
### Code of conduct
Participation in the Kubernetes community is governed by the [Kubernetes Code of Conduct](code-of-conduct.md).
----
glog
====
Leveled execution logs for Go.
This is an efficient pure Go implementation of leveled logs in the
manner of the open source C++ package
https://github.com/google/glog
By binding methods to booleans it is possible to use the log package
without paying the expense of evaluating the arguments to the log.
Through the -vmodule flag, the package also provides fine-grained
control over logging at the file level.
The comment from glog.go introduces the ideas:
Package glog implements logging analogous to the Google-internal
C++ INFO/ERROR/V setup. It provides functions Info, Warning,
Error, Fatal, plus formatting variants such as Infof. It
also provides V-style logging controlled by the -v and
-vmodule=file=2 flags.
Basic examples:
glog.Info("Prepare to repel boarders")
glog.Fatalf("Initialization failed: %s", err)
See the documentation for the V function for an explanation
of these examples:
if glog.V(2) {
glog.Info("Starting transaction...")
}
glog.V(2).Infoln("Processed", nItems, "elements")
The repository contains an open source version of the log package
used inside Google. The master copy of the source lives inside
Google, not here. The code in this repo is for export only and is not itself
under development. Feature requests will be ignored.
Send bug reports to golang-nuts@googlegroups.com.

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# Release Process
The `klog` is released on an as-needed basis. The process is as follows:
1. An issue is proposing a new release with a changelog since the last release
1. All [OWNERS](OWNERS) must LGTM this release
1. An OWNER runs `git tag -s $VERSION` and inserts the changelog and pushes the tag with `git push $VERSION`
1. The release issue is closed
1. An announcement email is sent to `kubernetes-dev@googlegroups.com` with the subject `[ANNOUNCE] kubernetes-template-project $VERSION is released`

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# Security Policy
## Security Announcements
Join the [kubernetes-security-announce] group for security and vulnerability announcements.
You can also subscribe to an RSS feed of the above using [this link][kubernetes-security-announce-rss].
## Reporting a Vulnerability
Instructions for reporting a vulnerability can be found on the
[Kubernetes Security and Disclosure Information] page.
## Supported Versions
Information about supported Kubernetes versions can be found on the
[Kubernetes version and version skew support policy] page on the Kubernetes website.
[kubernetes-security-announce]: https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/kubernetes-security-announce
[kubernetes-security-announce-rss]: https://groups.google.com/forum/feed/kubernetes-security-announce/msgs/rss_v2_0.xml?num=50
[Kubernetes version and version skew support policy]: https://kubernetes.io/docs/setup/release/version-skew-policy/#supported-versions
[Kubernetes Security and Disclosure Information]: https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/issues-security/security/#report-a-vulnerability

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# Defined below are the security contacts for this repo.
#
# They are the contact point for the Product Security Committee to reach out
# to for triaging and handling of incoming issues.
#
# The below names agree to abide by the
# [Embargo Policy](https://git.k8s.io/security/private-distributors-list.md#embargo-policy)
# and will be removed and replaced if they violate that agreement.
#
# DO NOT REPORT SECURITY VULNERABILITIES DIRECTLY TO THESE NAMES, FOLLOW THE
# INSTRUCTIONS AT https://kubernetes.io/security/
dims
thockin
justinsb
tallclair
piosz
brancz
DirectXMan12
lavalamp

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# Kubernetes Community Code of Conduct
Please refer to our [Kubernetes Community Code of Conduct](https://git.k8s.io/community/code-of-conduct.md)

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// Go support for leveled logs, analogous to https://code.google.com/p/google-glog/
//
// Copyright 2013 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
// File I/O for logs.
package klog
import (
"errors"
"fmt"
"os"
"path/filepath"
"strings"
"sync"
"time"
)
// MaxSize is the maximum size of a log file in bytes.
var MaxSize uint64 = 1024 * 1024 * 1800
// logDirs lists the candidate directories for new log files.
var logDirs []string
func createLogDirs() {
if logging.logDir != "" {
logDirs = append(logDirs, logging.logDir)
}
logDirs = append(logDirs, os.TempDir())
}
var (
pid = os.Getpid()
program = filepath.Base(os.Args[0])
host = "unknownhost"
userName = "unknownuser"
userNameOnce sync.Once
)
func init() {
if h, err := os.Hostname(); err == nil {
host = shortHostname(h)
}
}
// shortHostname returns its argument, truncating at the first period.
// For instance, given "www.google.com" it returns "www".
func shortHostname(hostname string) string {
if i := strings.Index(hostname, "."); i >= 0 {
return hostname[:i]
}
return hostname
}
// logName returns a new log file name containing tag, with start time t, and
// the name for the symlink for tag.
func logName(tag string, t time.Time) (name, link string) {
name = fmt.Sprintf("%s.%s.%s.log.%s.%04d%02d%02d-%02d%02d%02d.%d",
program,
host,
getUserName(),
tag,
t.Year(),
t.Month(),
t.Day(),
t.Hour(),
t.Minute(),
t.Second(),
pid)
return name, program + "." + tag
}
var onceLogDirs sync.Once
// create creates a new log file and returns the file and its filename, which
// contains tag ("INFO", "FATAL", etc.) and t. If the file is created
// successfully, create also attempts to update the symlink for that tag, ignoring
// errors.
// The startup argument indicates whether this is the initial startup of klog.
// If startup is true, existing files are opened for appending instead of truncated.
func create(tag string, t time.Time, startup bool) (f *os.File, filename string, err error) {
if logging.logFile != "" {
f, err := openOrCreate(logging.logFile, startup)
if err == nil {
return f, logging.logFile, nil
}
return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("log: unable to create log: %v", err)
}
onceLogDirs.Do(createLogDirs)
if len(logDirs) == 0 {
return nil, "", errors.New("log: no log dirs")
}
name, link := logName(tag, t)
var lastErr error
for _, dir := range logDirs {
fname := filepath.Join(dir, name)
f, err := openOrCreate(fname, startup)
if err == nil {
symlink := filepath.Join(dir, link)
os.Remove(symlink) // ignore err
os.Symlink(name, symlink) // ignore err
return f, fname, nil
}
lastErr = err
}
return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("log: cannot create log: %v", lastErr)
}
// The startup argument indicates whether this is the initial startup of klog.
// If startup is true, existing files are opened for appending instead of truncated.
func openOrCreate(name string, startup bool) (*os.File, error) {
if startup {
f, err := os.OpenFile(name, os.O_RDWR|os.O_CREATE|os.O_APPEND, 0666)
return f, err
}
f, err := os.Create(name)
return f, err
}

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//go:build !windows
// +build !windows
package klog
import (
"os/user"
)
func getUserName() string {
userNameOnce.Do(func() {
current, err := user.Current()
if err == nil {
userName = current.Username
}
})
return userName
}

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//go:build windows
// +build windows
package klog
import (
"os"
"strings"
)
func getUserName() string {
userNameOnce.Do(func() {
// On Windows, the Go 'user' package requires netapi32.dll.
// This affects Windows Nano Server:
// https://github.com/golang/go/issues/21867
// Fallback to using environment variables.
u := os.Getenv("USERNAME")
if len(u) == 0 {
return
}
// Sanitize the USERNAME since it may contain filepath separators.
u = strings.Replace(u, `\`, "_", -1)
// user.Current().Username normally produces something like 'USERDOMAIN\USERNAME'
d := os.Getenv("USERDOMAIN")
if len(d) != 0 {
userName = d + "_" + u
} else {
userName = u
}
})
return userName
}

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# Minimal Go logging using klog
This package implements the [logr interface](https://github.com/go-logr/logr)
in terms of Kubernetes' [klog](https://github.com/kubernetes/klog). This
provides a relatively minimalist API to logging in Go, backed by a well-proven
implementation.
Because klogr was implemented before klog itself added supported for
structured logging, the default in klogr is to serialize key/value
pairs with JSON and log the result as text messages via klog. This
does not work well when klog itself forwards output to a structured
logger.
Therefore the recommended approach is to let klogr pass all log
messages through to klog and deal with structured logging there. Just
beware that the output of klog without a structured logger is meant to
be human-readable, in contrast to the JSON-based traditional format.
This is a BETA grade implementation.

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// Package klogr implements github.com/go-logr/logr.Logger in terms of
// k8s.io/klog.
package klogr
import (
"bytes"
"encoding/json"
"fmt"
"github.com/go-logr/logr"
"k8s.io/klog/v2"
"sort"
"strings"
)
// Option is a functional option that reconfigures the logger created with New.
type Option func(*klogger)
// Format defines how log output is produced.
type Format string
const (
// FormatSerialize tells klogr to turn key/value pairs into text itself
// before invoking klog.
FormatSerialize Format = "Serialize"
// FormatKlog tells klogr to pass all text messages and key/value pairs
// directly to klog. Klog itself then serializes in a human-readable
// format and optionally passes on to a structure logging backend.
FormatKlog Format = "Klog"
)
// WithFormat selects the output format.
func WithFormat(format Format) Option {
return func(l *klogger) {
l.format = format
}
}
// New returns a logr.Logger which serializes output itself
// and writes it via klog.
func New() logr.Logger {
return NewWithOptions(WithFormat(FormatSerialize))
}
// NewWithOptions returns a logr.Logger which serializes as determined
// by the WithFormat option and writes via klog. The default is
// FormatKlog.
func NewWithOptions(options ...Option) logr.Logger {
l := klogger{
level: 0,
prefix: "",
values: nil,
format: FormatKlog,
}
for _, option := range options {
option(&l)
}
return logr.New(&l)
}
type klogger struct {
level int
callDepth int
prefix string
values []interface{}
format Format
}
func (l *klogger) Init(info logr.RuntimeInfo) {
l.callDepth += info.CallDepth
}
// trimDuplicates will deduplicate elements provided in multiple KV tuple
// slices, whilst maintaining the distinction between where the items are
// contained.
func trimDuplicates(kvLists ...[]interface{}) [][]interface{} {
// maintain a map of all seen keys
seenKeys := map[interface{}]struct{}{}
// build the same number of output slices as inputs
outs := make([][]interface{}, len(kvLists))
// iterate over the input slices backwards, as 'later' kv specifications
// of the same key will take precedence over earlier ones
for i := len(kvLists) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
// initialise this output slice
outs[i] = []interface{}{}
// obtain a reference to the kvList we are processing
kvList := kvLists[i]
// start iterating at len(kvList) - 2 (i.e. the 2nd last item) for
// slices that have an even number of elements.
// We add (len(kvList) % 2) here to handle the case where there is an
// odd number of elements in a kvList.
// If there is an odd number, then the last element in the slice will
// have the value 'null'.
for i2 := len(kvList) - 2 + (len(kvList) % 2); i2 >= 0; i2 -= 2 {
k := kvList[i2]
// if we have already seen this key, do not include it again
if _, ok := seenKeys[k]; ok {
continue
}
// make a note that we've observed a new key
seenKeys[k] = struct{}{}
// attempt to obtain the value of the key
var v interface{}
// i2+1 should only ever be out of bounds if we handling the first
// iteration over a slice with an odd number of elements
if i2+1 < len(kvList) {
v = kvList[i2+1]
}
// add this KV tuple to the *start* of the output list to maintain
// the original order as we are iterating over the slice backwards
outs[i] = append([]interface{}{k, v}, outs[i]...)
}
}
return outs
}
func flatten(kvList ...interface{}) string {
keys := make([]string, 0, len(kvList))
vals := make(map[string]interface{}, len(kvList))
for i := 0; i < len(kvList); i += 2 {
k, ok := kvList[i].(string)
if !ok {
panic(fmt.Sprintf("key is not a string: %s", pretty(kvList[i])))
}
var v interface{}
if i+1 < len(kvList) {
v = kvList[i+1]
}
keys = append(keys, k)
vals[k] = v
}
sort.Strings(keys)
buf := bytes.Buffer{}
for i, k := range keys {
v := vals[k]
if i > 0 {
buf.WriteRune(' ')
}
buf.WriteString(pretty(k))
buf.WriteString("=")
buf.WriteString(pretty(v))
}
return buf.String()
}
func pretty(value interface{}) string {
if err, ok := value.(error); ok {
if _, ok := value.(json.Marshaler); !ok {
value = err.Error()
}
}
buffer := &bytes.Buffer{}
encoder := json.NewEncoder(buffer)
encoder.SetEscapeHTML(false)
encoder.Encode(value)
return strings.TrimSpace(string(buffer.Bytes()))
}
func (l klogger) Info(level int, msg string, kvList ...interface{}) {
switch l.format {
case FormatSerialize:
msgStr := flatten("msg", msg)
trimmed := trimDuplicates(l.values, kvList)
fixedStr := flatten(trimmed[0]...)
userStr := flatten(trimmed[1]...)
klog.InfoDepth(l.callDepth+1, l.prefix, " ", msgStr, " ", fixedStr, " ", userStr)
case FormatKlog:
trimmed := trimDuplicates(l.values, kvList)
if l.prefix != "" {
msg = l.prefix + ": " + msg
}
klog.InfoSDepth(l.callDepth+1, msg, append(trimmed[0], trimmed[1]...)...)
}
}
func (l klogger) Enabled(level int) bool {
return klog.V(klog.Level(level)).Enabled()
}
func (l klogger) Error(err error, msg string, kvList ...interface{}) {
msgStr := flatten("msg", msg)
var loggableErr interface{}
if err != nil {
loggableErr = err.Error()
}
switch l.format {
case FormatSerialize:
errStr := flatten("error", loggableErr)
trimmed := trimDuplicates(l.values, kvList)
fixedStr := flatten(trimmed[0]...)
userStr := flatten(trimmed[1]...)
klog.ErrorDepth(l.callDepth+1, l.prefix, " ", msgStr, " ", errStr, " ", fixedStr, " ", userStr)
case FormatKlog:
trimmed := trimDuplicates(l.values, kvList)
if l.prefix != "" {
msg = l.prefix + ": " + msg
}
klog.ErrorSDepth(l.callDepth+1, err, msg, append(trimmed[0], trimmed[1]...)...)
}
}
// WithName returns a new logr.Logger with the specified name appended. klogr
// uses '/' characters to separate name elements. Callers should not pass '/'
// in the provided name string, but this library does not actually enforce that.
func (l klogger) WithName(name string) logr.LogSink {
if len(l.prefix) > 0 {
l.prefix = l.prefix + "/"
}
l.prefix += name
return &l
}
func (l klogger) WithValues(kvList ...interface{}) logr.LogSink {
// Three slice args forces a copy.
n := len(l.values)
l.values = append(l.values[:n:n], kvList...)
return &l
}
func (l klogger) WithCallDepth(depth int) logr.LogSink {
l.callDepth += depth
return &l
}
var _ logr.LogSink = &klogger{}
var _ logr.CallDepthLogSink = &klogger{}

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# github.com/go-logr/logr v1.2.2
## explicit; go 1.16
github.com/go-logr/logr
# k8s.io/klog/v2 v2.40.1
## explicit; go 1.13
k8s.io/klog/v2
k8s.io/klog/v2/klogr